How hip-hop went from being shunned by big business to multimillion-dollar collabs

It didn't start out that way.

The music genre germinated 50 years ago as an escape from the poverty and violence of New York City's most distressed borough, the Bronx, where few wanted to invest in its businesses or its people. Out of that adversity blossomed an authentic style of expression, one that connected with the city's underserved Black and Latino teens and young adults, and filtered through to graffiti, dance and fashion.

As hip-hop spread throughout New York, so did a culture.

"Hip-hop goes beyond the music," said C. Keith Harrison, a professor and founding director for the University of Central Florida's Business of Hip-Hop Innovation & Creative Industries certificate program. "Hip-hop always knew, as Nipsey Hussle would say, how to get it out of the trunk, and so they've always had to have innovative business models."

That spirit of innovation has helped push hip-hop past big business' initial resistance to align with the genre to become the most popular music form in the United States since 2017. Hip-hop's impact on the $16 billion music industry and beyond is now so widespread, experts say it becomes difficult to quantify.

Author Zack O'Malley Greenberg estimates that hip-hop's five wealthiest artists were worth nearly $4 billion in 2022 by themselves.

Hip-hop artists have achieved that level of success because they are much more than their music. They are tastemakers and trendsetters in lifestyle-defining products from fashion to high-end champagne.

"Hip-hop knows how to put butts in seats, no matter what context you're in, and that's what businesses want," said Harrison, who is also a professor in the University of Central Florida's DeVos Sport Business Management Graduate Program. "Emotion, return on emotion — that's what hip-hop does differently. They have another level of emotion."

Because rappers often tell stories fans relate to or aspire to, weaving brand shout-outs into their rhymes and product placements — sometimes paid for, sometimes not — into their videos becomes a powerful marketing tool.

In her forthcoming book "Fashion Killa: How Hip-Hop Revolutionized High Fashion," pop culture expert Sowmya Krishnamurthy addresses what people get out of "putting somebody else's name or logo across your chest or across your back."

"In America, in a capitalist society, how else do you show you've made it?" Krishnamurthy said. "One thing I kind of joke about is: People can't see your mortgage. But they can see a nice chain. They can see the clothes that you have on. That is an immediate signal."

In hip-hop, that pressure to fit in and show off is heightened.

"You have a genre that historically has a lot of people who grew up with little to nothing," Krishnamurthy said. "The aspiration is inherent."

And probably no product has been as successful at connecting with hip-hop as footwear. Consequently, rappers get their own sneaker lines without ever taking part in a sport, said Harlan Friedman, host and creator of the Sole Free podcast on sneakers and street culture.

"A seventh grader can't afford a $20,000 rope chain and medallion, but maybe he could afford a pair of (Nike) Dunks or a pair of (Air) Jordans or a pair of Adidas," Friedman said. "That gives him that little bit of clout, that he's like his favorite artist or athlete, and it kind of gives him that feeling like, 'Oh, I'm like them.'"

Adidas was the first major company that saw rappers as potential business partners, Friedman said. But they had to be convinced.

Even though the company had seen an unusual spike in sales of its Superstar shoes in the Northeast in 1986, it wasn't ready to attribute that to rap group Run-D.M.C. and their hit "My Adidas."

When company execs saw the group ask fans to show off their Adidas and thousands removed their shoes and waved them in the air at a Madison Square Garden performance, they were sold. They signed Run-D.M.C. to a $1 million deal that resulted in their own shoe line in 1988.

Now that hip-hop is a multibillion dollar industry with widespread influence, it's easy to forget it wasn't always Courvoisier and Versace for its stars.

Even after Adidas' success, companies still balked at partnering with hip-hop acts because they felt that "having young Black and brown people wearing their clothing simply wasn't on brand and, in many ways, it was kind of denigrating their brand," said Krishnamurthy.

"But when that kind of money is being spent and people really saw the power that rappers had to change what somebody might wear … they started taking notice," she said.

Companies of all sorts now court rappers and their audiences, hoping to join the ranks of Timberland — which at first resisted associating with the genre it saw as being counter to its working-class base — Hennessy cognac and anything Gucci as hip-hop approved brands.