NEW YORK (AP) — "Gaslighting" — mind manipulating, grossly misleading, downright deceitful — is Merriam-Webster's word of the year.
Lookups for the word on merriam-webster.com increased 1,740% in 2022 over the year before. But something else happened. There wasn't a single event that drove significant spikes in the curiosity, as it usually goes with the chosen word of the year.
The gaslighting was pervasive.
"It's a word that has risen so quickly in the English language, and especially in the last four years, that it actually came as a surprise to me and to many of us," said Peter Sokolowski, Merriam-Webster's editor at large, in an exclusive interview with The Associated Press ahead of Monday's unveiling.
"It was a word looked up frequently every single day of the year," he said.
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There were deepfakes and the dark web. There were deep states and fake news. And there was a whole lot of trolling.
Merriam-Webster's top definition for gaslighting is the psychological manipulation of a person, usually over an extended period of time, that "causes the victim to question the validity of their own thoughts, perception of reality, or memories and typically leads to confusion, loss of confidence and self-esteem, uncertainty of one's emotional or mental stability, and a dependency on the perpetrator."
Gaslighting is a heinous tool frequently used by abusers in relationships — and by politicians and other newsmakers. It can happen between romantic partners, within a broader family unit and among friends. It can be a corporate tactic, or a way to mislead the public. There's also "medical gaslighting," when a health care professional dismisses a patient's symptoms or illness as "all in your head."
Despite its relatively recent prominence — including "Gaslighter," The Chicks' 2020 album featuring the rousingly angry titular single — the word was brought to life more than 80 years ago with "Gas Light," a 1938 play by Patrick Hamilton.
FILE - Gas lamps illuminate St. Louis' Gaslight Square on April 2, 1962. "Gaslighting" — mind manipulating, grossly misleading, downright deceitful — is Merriam-Webster's word of 2022. (AP Photo/JMH, File)
It birthed two film adaptations in the 1940s. One, George Cukor's "Gaslight" in 1944, starred Ingrid Bergman as Paula Alquist and Charles Boyer as Gregory Anton. The two marry after a whirlwind romance and Gregory turns out to be a champion gaslighter. Among other instances, he insists her complains over the constant dimming of their London townhouse's gaslights is a figment of her troubled mind. It wasn't.
The death of Angela Lansbury in October drove some interest in lookups of the word, Sokolowski said. She played Nancy Oliver, a young maid hired by Gregory and told not to bother his "high-strung" wife.
The term gaslighting was later used by mental health practitioners to clinically describe a form of prolonged coercive control in abusive relationships.
"There is this implication of an intentional deception," Sokolowski said. "And once one is aware of that deception, it's not just a straightforward lie, as in, you know, I didn't eat the cookies in the cookie jar. It's something that has a little bit more devious quality to it. It has possibly an idea of strategy or a long-term plan."
Merriam-Webster, which logs 100 million pageviews a month on its site, chooses its word of the year based solely on data. Sokolowski and his team weed out evergreen words most commonly looked up to gauge which word received a significant bump over the year before.
They don't slice and dice why people look up words, which can be anything from quick spelling and definition checks to some sort of attempt at inspiration or motivation. Some of the droves who looked up "gaslighting" this year might have wanted to know, simply, if it's one or two words, or whether it's hyphenated.
"Gaslighting," Sokolowski said, spent all of 2022 in the top 50 words looked up on merriam-webster.com to earn top dog word of the year status. Last year's pick was "vaccine."
Rounding out this year's Top 10 are:
— "Oligarch," driven by Russia's invasion of Ukraine.
— "Omicron," the persistent COVID-19 variant and the 15th letter of the Greek alphabet.
— "Codify," as in turning abortion rights into federal law.
— "Queen consort," what King Charles' wife, Camilla is newly known as.
— "Raid," as in the search of former President Donald Trump's Mar-a-Lago home.
— "Sentient," with lookups brought on by Google canning the engineer who claimed an unreleased AI system had become sentient.
— "Cancel culture," enough said.
— "LGBTQIA," for lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, queer or questioning, intersex, and asexual, aromantic or agender.
— "Loamy," which many Wordle users tried back in August, though the right word that day was "clown."
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Words that mean different things in the US and abroad
Words that mean different things in the US and abroad
Dictionary Day is Oct. 16, and it's a day for word lovers everywhere to revel in the many different meanings of words. For word lovers who also appreciate travel, it's a day where they can learn not only about what words mean in the United States, but also what they mean worldwide.
Stacker used a variety of sources, such as ShermansTravel, Merriam-Webster.com, Bookstr, and others, to compile a list of words that are used in the United States but mean something different abroad.
In some places, using the word "entree" the way it's used in the United States could mess up a food order. Using "brat" to describe someone might not have a negative connotation; if someone wants to take you out to eat some "glass," this isn't bad.
Keep reading to learn about words that mean different things in the U.S. and abroad.
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Entree
When diners use the word "entree" in the United States, it's usually at a restaurant ordering a main dish, whether a bowl of spaghetti bolognese or a plate of seared salmon with greens on the side. In Australia, however, "entree" means "appetizer," the food that comes before the meal. Don't worry, though—when Down Under and ordering a main dish that sounds appetizing to you, simply tell the Aussie waiter that you want to order a main.
Grand
In the United States, the word "grand" means impressive or stately, so it's a word that might describe a large, imposing building or a majestic view. However, in Ireland, "grand" is a much less powerful word, meaning "alright or fine." So if you're visiting that country, make sure not to accidentally describe your hotel, the restaurant you're dining at, or the city you're visiting as grand.
Brat
When someone uses the word "brat" in the United States, they're usually referring to a kid kicking and screaming in the middle of a store or a spoiled teenager. However, in Ukraine, "brat" means "brother," so it has a much more positive connotation—unless you happen to have a brother who is also very spoiled or badly behaved. "Brat" in Ukrainian also means a religious group member or a fellow member belonging to any group.
Glass
"Glass," in the United States, refers to the material made of melted sand used to make windows, vases, and glasses. However, in Dutch, "glass" means something different: ice cream. So when visiting the Netherlands, don't panic if invited out to eat some glass—just enjoy the dessert.
Thong
In the United States, the word "thong" means a type of underwear and brings back memories of the 2000s and Sisqó's seminal song, "Thong Song." However, using this word in the United Kingdom while shopping will only cause confusion. In the United Kingdom, "thong" means a pair of flip-flops worn on a completely different part of your body. Australians also use the term "thongs" to refer to a pair of flip-flops, though they sometimes call these shoes "double-pluggers."
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Pants
Another word that might cause confusion while shopping in the United Kingdom is "pants." In the United States, "pants" means trousers, but in the United Kingdom, "pants" means underwear, and trousers are called "trousers." People there also use pants as a slang term for "awful"—so if you wanted to use all these words correctly in one sentence while raising a few eyebrows at the pub, you might say, "The weather is so pants today that the rain has soaked through both my trousers and my pants."
Fighting
When people are "fighting" in the United States, they're brawling. It's a pretty violent word in this country, but it doesn't have this connotation in Korea. In Korean, "fighting" is a word people use to encourage someone currently facing an obstacle, and it means something close to "cheer up." So, when visiting Korea, If someone uses this word, don't take it as an insult and feel encouraged instead.
Barf
"Barf" in the United States refers to vomit and usually elicits a feeling of disgust when it comes up—figuratively or literally. However, "barf" means "snow" in Urdu and Hindi, both spoken in India. Barf also means "snow" in Farsi, a language spoken in Iran, Afghanistan, and Tajikistan. So if you're traveling to one of these places and someone says, "Look at that barf," you should put aside all thoughts of vomit and look out to enjoy the beautiful view full of snow.
Handy
In the United States, "handy" means useful. In Germany, however, "handy" means a "cell phone." When traveling through a part of Europe where people speak German, such as Germany, Austria, or Switzerland, just remember it's handy to have your cell phone to look up directions or translations.
Braces
In the United States, the word "braces" refers to a device for straightening teeth. In the United Kingdom, however, "braces" refers to suspenders. If someone is talking about the stylish braces they recently purchased, there's no need to start talking about how brave it is when adults choose to get those orthodontic devices.
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